张ꢀ 卉ꢀ 张栻对朱熹心性论的影响
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原话出自真德秀《西山读书记》卷三十一:“二程之学,龟山得之而南,传之豫章罗氏,罗氏传之延平李氏,李氏传之考亭朱
氏,此一派也;上蔡传之武夷胡氏,胡氏传其子五峰,五峰传之南轩张氏,此又一派也。”(参见:真德秀《西山读书记》,四库全
书本。)张栻之师胡宏又曾与杨时和侯师圣交游切磋,朱熹又师事胡宪而为胡安国的再传弟子。
程颐曰:“赤子之心可谓之和,不可谓之中”,即言“心”为已发,“心”才可谓之“和”,又曰:“中也者,所以状性之体段。”即言
以“中”来形容“性”,但“中”不是“性”,“性”不是“中”。 在程颐这里,“中”是一种静的未发状态。 后来,胡宏发展成为“性
体心用”。 程颐思想前后有所变化,他初认为心指的是已发,是用,后又主张心有体用之分。
这几封信分别是:《与张钦夫三、四》和《答张敬夫三、四》。 据陈来先生考证,《与张钦夫三、四》和《答张敬夫四》都作于1166
年,《答张敬夫三》作于1167 年〔参见:陈来《朱子书信编年考证》(增订本),生活·读书·新知三联书店2011 年版,第37、
42 页〕。
参考文献:
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1]程颢,程颐.二程集[M].北京:中华书局,1981.
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3]谢良佐.上蔡语录[G] / / 朱杰人,严佐之,刘永翔.朱子全书外编.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2010.
4]胡宏集[M].北京:中华书局,1987.
5]张栻.南轩先生文集[G] / / 朱杰人,严佐之,刘永翔.朱子全书外编.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2010.
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8]张栻.孟子说[G] / / 纳兰性德.通志堂经解.江苏:江苏广陵古籍刻印社,1996.
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The Influence of Zhang Shi on Zhu Xi’s Theory of Mind
ZHANG Hui
(
College of History and Culture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China)
Abstract:Zhu Xi’s theory of mind, with the influence of Zhsng Shi, represents the highest level of
Confucianism in the Song dynasty. The “enlightenment in the year of bingxu” and “Tanzhou trip” are
based on Zhang Shi’s theory of mind, emphasizing that the mind has been opened while nature hasn’t,
and the nature is essence while mind is appearance. The corresponding Gong Fu theory which believes
“
recognition first, self⁃restraint next” laid a great impact on Zhu Xi’s early thoughts. After the “enlight⁃
enment in the year of jichou”,Zhu Xi put forward a new theory of mind and debated with Zhang Shi, crit⁃
icizing Hu Hong’s theory of mind. Zhang Shi and Zhu Xi finally proposed Gong Fu theory, which pay e⁃
qual attention to both recognition and self⁃restraint, as well as the guiding principles and cores of their
theories, i.e., “mind decides nature and temperament” and “mind dominates nature and temperament”.
The more comprehensive theoretical system constructed by Zhu Xi under the influence of Zhang Shi is
quite significant in the development of Neo⁃Confucianism of the Song and the Ming dynasty.
Key words:Zhang Shi; Zhu Xi; the theory of mind
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责任编辑:苏雪梅]
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